Read the Narmer Palettes: The Hieroglyphics

< Narmer and Horus in the Crown of Upper Egypt >
< Narmer and procession in the Lower Egyptian crown >

If you look at the right panel engraved with the pharaoh Narmer wearing the crown of lower Egypt, you can find the Serekh mentioned in the last column and the name of the pharaoh Narmer. A king of the same name was carved side by side on two flower beds wearing upper and lower Egyptian crowns. This sends a clear message that the Narmer pharaohs unified Upper and Lower Egypt, which had been divided.

On both sides of the Narmer panel, you can find a character following the main character, Narmer Pharaoh. The figure with shoes (sandals) in his left hand and a jar containing sacred water in his right hand is the servant of the Pharaoh and plays a role in helping the sacred ceremony. If you look at the upper part of this figure with a head that represents the priesthood, you can see a flower pattern with seven petals and a small club. The small club is a hieroglyphic character read as [hem], which means the king's immediate attendant.

The carved petals represent the influence of Mesopotamia, the symbol of Sumerian goddess Inanna or Ishtar, and this flower-like design actually represents Venus, or the new star. Because this Mesopotamian goddess is the owner of this constellation. And this pattern was engraved next to the king in the ancient kingdom and became a symbol of 'king power' or 'king status'. Since then, this "Rosette" pattern has been transformed into a Rosa (rose) pattern over time, but the meaning of royal authority still remains in the context to this day.

If you look at < Narmer and Horus in the Crown of Upper Egypt >, you can find the Narmer Pharaoh holding a club and hitting the enemy. And you'll see a bird that looks like an eagle holding a curved rod and stabbing a plant in the nose with a human face. And you can also find six flowering plants growing above the bearded person's body. This painting from 3100 B.C.E. can be seen not only in the image of the ruler of the Narmer pharaoh, but also in the text itself. This painting can be interpreted as meaning that Horus (=Narmer Pharaoh) conquered 6,000 Lower Egyptians.

Also, you can see the Narmer pharaoh holding a club and overpowering the kneeling man named by the hieroglyphics "lord of the Swamp." This is the last part of the panel and connects to two enemy soldiers fleeing under the feet of the Narmer pharaoh. The hieroglyphics written in front of these faces also refer to the name of the area conquered by the Narmer pharaoh.

 <The crook and flail on the coffinette of Tutankhamun> (위키피디아)

In < Narmer and procession in the Lower Egyptian crown >, the Narmer Pharaoh with the red crown of Egypt with a rod rolled at the end like the mouth of a butterfly holds a flail in his right hand and a cane (or hole) in his left hand. This wine-lined flail and hook-shaped cane later became a representative symbol of the Pharaoh. This flail and cane show that the absolute power of the Pharaoh stems from the patriarchal system of prehistoric Egyptian society based on livestock and agriculture.